Which of the following is considered a biologic DMARD?

Adalimumab is classified as a biologic DMARD (Disease-Modifying Anti-Rheumatic Drug) because it is a monoclonal antibody that specifically targets and inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a pro-inflammatory cytokine involved in the inflammatory response associated with various autoimmune conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis. By blocking TNF-α, adalimumab helps reduce inflammation, decrease disease progression, and improve patient outcomes.

The other options listed are not biologic DMARDs. Sulfasalazine and hydroxychloroquine are considered conventional synthetic DMARDs, as they are not derived from biological sources and do not involve monoclonal antibody technology. Leflunomide, although also a synthetic DMARD, operates through a different mechanism involving the inhibition of pyrimidine synthesis and does not have the biological properties associated with medications like adalimumab. Understanding the distinction between biologic and synthetic DMARDs is crucial in clinical practice, especially when tailoring treatment plans for individuals with autoimmune diseases.